Gianna Gatti
Surgeon, health worker, specialist in legal
medicine
former executive secretary
of Dr. Carlos Ybar Institute - Chile
Human anatomy as a branch of medical science studies the shape and structure of the human body. It owes its name to the main method of investigation which is dissection.
The declaration of anatomy as a science is linked to the blooming of the philosophical greek schools of Cnido that focused on diagnosis and the school of Cos that centered around the care and prognosis of the patient. Both didn’t count with the possibility of practicing human anatomical dissection so they were forced to work with animals and apply whatever was found of that animal anatomy to medicine practice.
In the Renaissance, anatomy found its true value developing itself via the merits of Berengano da Carpi, Leonardo da Vinci, Vesalio and Fallopio.
In the XVII century an important contribution was made by Malpighim who was the first to use the microscope convinced of the preeminence of direct observation and experimental investigation over aprioristic dogmatism.
In the subsequent centuries thanks to the perfectionism of the technique, a major analytical depth was achieved leading to the creation of more specialized branches.
For example, the systematic anatomy of Henle, the brain studies of Luigi Rolando, studies of sensitive terminals of Filippo Pacini, the descriptions of the hearing organ of Corti, among many others.
This way, pathological and comparative anatomy acquired more importance. In the XVIII century Vincenzo Malacarne, anatomist and surgeon, founded topographic anatomy making important progress in the study of the Nervous central system as well as the peripheral nervous system. So did his contemporary colleague Antonio Scarpa who founded quirurgic anatomy.
During the XIX and XX century a major breakthrough was made in descriptive anatomy. France, Germany and Great Britain were the main developers with numerous anatomists. The discovery of X rays at the end of the XIX century was a great contribution to anatomists, because it allowed them to study live organs and tissues.
Continually between the XIX and XX centuries many prestigious anatomists like Leon Testut and Henry Gray shine in their work that is studied to this day. Nowadays in Chile there hasn’t been a published atlas of anatomy, but there are virtual 3D animations that consist of extensive classes that show what is already in the classic anatomy books.
I’m glad to present this virtual atlas of anatomy, borned of the interest, dedication and tenacious work of Dr. Juan Carlos Oñate.
Surgeon, thanatologist and anatomist, Dr. Oñate has thrown himself into teaching anatomy to both undergraduates and postgraduates.
In 2011 he published a material addressing head, neck and upper extremities with real images and illustrations, supported by the Institute Dr. Carlos Ybar, the Legal Medical Service and Andrés Bello University.
Now we are gladly surprised with this work, which is a virtual learning tool and a web page of anatomy and morphology with clinical orientation that’s born from the study and daily work of thanatology, surgery, anatomy and pathology.
It tackles its contents by theme, where the student can revise chapters that incorporate videos, audio files and many animations.
The differences between the work of Dr. Oñate and other publications are enormous. Firstly it counts with digital educational capsules that allow a deeper learning, gearing towards the essence of each theme in a didactic, agile and fun way. Another aspect involves the collaboration of clinical specialists in diverse areas that serve as annexes in each capsule.
Therefore, the work of Dr. Oñate acquires great importance because it is the work of Chilean professionals, new and useful not only for undergraduates and postgraduates, but for anyone that wants to remember and revise these topics.
Note: The work performed in human bodies was made according to Código Sanitario, (Decreto 725 /1968 del MINSAL) en su artículo 147 del libro noveno y el Reglamento del Libro Noveno del Código Sanitario ( Decreto 240/ 1983 del MINSAL).
Claudio Nazar
Medical Doctor and Anesthesiologist
University of Chile
Medical degree and completed his residency in Anesthesiology at PUC
I am very enthusiastic about Aditus Explora’s recent initiative to launch a digital educational platform for medical students and professionals in training. This resource is designed to provide a high-quality learning experience, combining essential clinical and surgical content with modern and accessible teaching methodologies.
In my field of expertise in anesthesiology and critical procedural techniques, I am privileged to teach several courses on the platform, including Orotracheal Intubation, Radial Arterial Line Placement, and Central and Peripheral Venous Access. These modules are aimed at developing practical skills and a deep understanding of these procedures, which are fundamental for ensuring patient safety and effectiveness in care.
I would also like to highlight the collaboration with expert colleagues who share their knowledge on Aditus Explora. The quality of high-precision surgical approaches taught by Dr. Jorge Mura is exceptional and invaluable for students interested in cerebrovascular and skull base surgery. I would also like to emphasize the detailed focus on forensic anatomical approaches provided by Dr. Juan Carlos Oñate, as well as the gastrointestinal and abdominal surgical approaches led by Dr. Owen Korn, which provide foundational training for professionals in this field.
The Aditus Explora platform represents a significant advancement in digital medical education, offering students a unique opportunity to learn from top experts in their respective specialties and to develop the practical skills required in modern medicine.
Dr Eduardo Mandiola L
PhD. Titular professor
Former director of the Morphology
department, Faculty of Medicine,
Andrés Bello University, Chile
Former Professor of Human Anatomy
at Medicine Faculty of Instituto Austral de Chile, Valdivia.
Dr. Juan Carlos Oñate, surgeon, thanatologist and anatomist, whom I had the pleasure to meet many years ago when I was part of the teaching team at the Morphology department at Universidad Andrés Bello (UNAB) formed by more than 30 academics.
He stood out immediately because of his experience in the dissection of the anatomical material, awakening the interest in medicine students that were taking the functional human anatomy and neuroanatomy course.
We also worked in the creation of the Anatomy Dissection Atlas, fascicles I. Cranial Nerves and II. Upper body, with the collaboration of the Center of Medical Illustration directed by Dr. Oscar R. Baeza, MFA. published as a study text at the Medicine Faculty at Universidad Andrés Bello (2012).
In this period Dr. Oñate, now Professor of Anatomy at Universidad Santiago de Chile and Professor of Instituto Carlos Ybar of Legal Medical Service, has created a new and exceptional work. His efforts in developing an innovative tool is an invaluable resource for students and teachers of the discipline. The Atlas highlights the level of detail and precision of the images, along with the easy navigation and interactivity with the text which details a profound compromise with medical education and diffusion of anatomical knowledge.
Dr. Oñate evidences his extensive and valuable experience in the teachings of Human Anatomy as well as his ability to transmit complex knowledge in a precise and effective manner. His capacity combines theory with surgical practice, enriching the educational process, and preparing the students not only to comprehend the beauty of the human body but also to apply it in a real clinical context.
This new contribution enriches the field of Human Anatomy and Neuroanatomy, inspiring the diverse health professionals to achieve new levels in their different specialities.
Is worth noting his vision and relentless effort in the creation of this valuable resource of medical education technology.
His enthusiasm and knowledge impregnates an unerasable fingerprint in the multidisciplinary anatomy teaching team of UNAB, which has been historically considered the base of medicine.
Juan Carlos Oñate
Surgeon and Thanatological medic
of Universidad de Chile
Specialist in Human Anatomy and General
Surgery.
It has been almost 30 years dedicated uninterrupted to Morphology and specially to the mother of all these disciplines which is Anatomy. I’ve had the privilege to acquire and share knowledge by professors like Patricio Quezada, Hugo Morales, Walter Ávila, Eduardo Mandiola, Alberto Rodrígues, Sergui ROdrígues, lberto Oyanguren, Carlos Fariña and many more that were formed in the classrooms of Universidad de Chile.
It’s been a long road of teaching dedicated to many students over many years what motivates and moves me to transmit this journey through anatomy to as many students as possible, incorporating schematic animations that reinforce and simplify complex contents that are narrated in these wonderful digital capsules.
The clinical annexes made by renowned specialists in each area allows us to apply what’s learned and take it to clinical practice, constituting a fundamental base in this learning process.
Being able to perform so many surgical and thanatological approaches have allowed a privileged position to create innedit material with the help of colleagues like Gianna Gatti, the remembered and beloved Patricio Bustos Streeter, Viviana San Martin, Myriam Gallo and the unconditional colleague and friend of many years Marcos Pulleghini.
Welcome to Aditus Explora.
Jorge Mura Castro
Prof. Dr. Jorge Mura, FACS, IFAANS
Titular professor of neurosurgery
Universidad de Chile
Adjacent professor Universidad de Los
Andes - Chile
Master of Chilean Neurosurgery
Past-President. Neurosurgery society of
Chile.
Vascular Neurosurgeon and base of the
Cranium.
It was the year of 1988 when we began our journey through medicine in the academy
alongside Dr. Juan Carlos Oñarte. We always knew that our roads, although should deviate, would bring us together again because the bond and friendship that brought us together in the first place would never fade away. The study of anatomy made us share much more than the interest in learning a transcendental subject for our medical profession, it made us close friends.
Juan Carlos became an expert anatomist, surgeon and thanatologist, and I went through the road of neuroanatomy and neurosurgery.
This piece of work is just a pretext to bring our roads together once again.
I’ve had the opportunity to revise the course of Surgical and Thanatological Approaches in anatomy, qualifying it at an extraordinary level. In this day and age of fast and short-terming approach, the course enters with characteristics of a classic since its conception.
Material in english, italian and spanish is a scarce resource, and Juan Carlos has managed to make a material that’s neat, agile and easy to process as well as understand.
All of this is a direct reflection of his vast experience.
It is an honor being able to collaborate in this innovative digital work. Hoping that I’ve achieved that simplicity that Juan Carlos shows us, that makes everything appear easy and that’s only reserved for greatness.
Owen Korn Bruzzone
Surgeon, Hospital Clínico
Universidad de Chile
Research Fellowship in Surgery, Klinikum
Rechts der Isar, Munchen, Germany
I am honored to be part of the Aditus Explora digital educational platform, an innovative and essential project for training future physicians. This platform provides students with privileged access to high-quality academic content, enabling them to build fundamental skills in the medical field from a practical and applied perspective.
On this platform, I teach specialized courses in Gastroenterology aimed at providing students with a deep and updated understanding of digestive pathologies and related surgical procedures. I am gratified to see that Aditus Explora also includes the exceptional work of Dr. Jorge Mura, offering students a comprehensive and precise approach to neurosurgery through his advanced surgical techniques. Similarly, Dr. Juan Carlos Oñate’s contributions in human anatomy and post-mortem studies add essential knowledge of the human body and post-mortem care, crucial for clinical practice.
I would also like to highlight the work of Dr. Claudio Nazar, who teaches essential procedures like orotracheal intubation, radial arterial line placement, and both central and peripheral venous access. The precision and practical approach of these courses are of tremendous value to medical training.
Aditus Explora is undoubtedly a groundbreaking platform that will strengthen medical education and provide students with the resources necessary to achieve excellence in their practices and future clinical roles.
Marcos Pulleghini
Surgeon and Thanatological medic
Universidad de Chile
Specialist in Legal Medicine.
It’s been almost 30 years since the master of anatomy and founder of the Chilean Anatomy Society, Adolfo Escobar Pacheco, gave his sentence as president of the commission before a young 18 year old and before his classmates that listened in the stands. “We have the first 6 of the morning.” Was his verdict. The sentencing was being carried at the Medicine Faculty of Universidad de Chile auditorium during the first year exam. The young boy listening to the verdict that day is the same that today writes these lines, ignorant to the importance that sentence would carry.
Ten years later and now working as a thanatologist in the Legal Medicine Service, Juan Carlos Oñate invited me to participate in the teaching of Anatomy to undergraduates. I had to go back and remember what was learned long time ago.
I had no shortage of desire and embarked myself promptly in something that was completely new to me.
But I remembered that grade that said that maybe this was the work for me, I just had to put it in practice.
Now and after countless practical steps, unnending ours of study and mutiple anatomical dissections, a posibility is opening to keep teaching in a didactic way according to modern techonology with Aditus Explora.
What may be hard in the beginning of studying anatomy becomes much friendlier with the use of this platform, that allows tracking personal progress and with it a better preparation for posterior practices.
I have to thank Juan Carlos for a friendship that lasts till today. To Dr. Myriam Gallo and Vivian San Martín, who guided me in my learning and the remembered Dr. Patricio Bustos R.I.P for his advice when I was boss of the Thanatological Department.
Dr. Juvert Puse Alvarado
Surgeon
SIS: N° 804314
Internship experience at SML under the supervision of Dr. Oñate.
The Legal Service of Medicine of Chile (SML) as a public institution dependent on the Ministry of Justice serves a crucial role, specially in cases where legal medicine investigates and reveals the causes of death that are violent or suspicious. It is in this context that the vast experience of Dr. Oñarte emerges as a fundamental pillar in the search of truth and the guarantee of integrity in forensic procedures.
The vast knowledge in forensic procedures and specially in anatomy of Dr. Oñarte results in an invaluable addition for the SML. Under his tutelage I could observe his level of professionalism and respect towards the deceased individuals and their families. At the same time, his compromise is with objectivity and impartiality, which guarantees that the anatomical findings and forensic conclusions are based on solid evidence and free of biases.
I highlight from my elective internship the anatomy steps taken in the different necropsies from Dr. Oñarte which counted with the highest standards of precision and objectivity, reflecting his compromise to deliver integral formation. Under his supervision the students, interns, residents and colleagues have the opportunity to acquire practical knowledge that is crucial for their professional development. I could observe the continuous promotion of an environment of collaborative learning through diverse activities like practical steps or dictated classes.
In conclusion, the formation delivered by Dr. Oñarte serves a fundamental role in the formation of highly capacitated professionals in anatomy and commitment to the dministration of justice as well as the search for the truth.
Dra. Andrea Monsalve Cueto
Surgeon
In my professional training as a surgeon I had the pleasure of having anatomy classes with Dr. Juan Carlos Oñate. The experiences in the dissection workshops have no point of comparison with the ones offered by any university.
My first time attending one I was a little afraid because I couldn’t imagine having to interact with a cadaver that had perished not a long time ago, but Dr. Oñarte does everything in a very professional way, only exposing the zone of interest. The face of the deceased person is covered and it is prohibited to ask the cause of death or any other question that could help identify the person.
One can examine the anatomical structures quite clearly, see the organs, the routes of the arteries, veins, muscles, among other things. It has the benefit of being all connected unlike other anatomy classes where you are given an isolated sample. Dr. Oñarte besides preparing the session does a brief expositive class and is present to clarify questions at all times.
It is frankly a quite enriching practice and I believe every medical student should have this experience. Personally it helped greatly and even guided me in deciding my
speciality.
I hope everyone can have access to this type of class.
Julio Rubio Vera
Medicine graduate
pursuing a psychiatry
fellowship
The experience in anatomy with Dr. Carlos Oñate has been extremely enriching. The didactic steps made along the course have been fundamental in my critical thinking development and had a deep impact in my professional growth.
Dr. Oñarte demonstrated a profound knowledge in the subject matter and his ability to transmit it in a clear and effective way is quite impressive. His detailed explanations and practical focus allowed us a deeper and more significant comprehension of anatomy. Also, his ability to encourage active participation in the students in the learning process contributed in creating a stimulating and enriching space.
The practical steps taken under the guidance of Dr. Oñarte brought us the opportunity to apply theoretical knowledge in a practical setting. This experience not only consolidated our comprehension of anatomy but also allowed us to develop the essential practical abilities that are used in professional practice.
As a result of this experience I’ve managed to develop a sharper critical thinking with a deeper understanding of human anatomy.
These abilities have been fundamental in my professional growth because they have allowed me to tackle the challenges with an analytical focus and resolve problems in a more effective way. In conclusion the experience in the course of anatomy with professor Dr. Carlos Oñate has been invaluable in my academic and professional growth. His teachings and practical focus continue to be a source of inspiration as well as a guide in my professional trajectory.
